tsunagi/docs/wireguard.md

# The WireGuard data plane

WireGuard is the first IP plugin. It carries user traffic between
participants while the control plane keeps doing its own job: deciding who is
in the network and carrying each participant's opaque announcement.

Module boundaries are in [architecture.md](architecture.md), the control
protocol in [protocol.md](protocol.md), the security consequences in
[threat-model.md](threat-model.md).

## Userspace, not the kernel

WireGuard here is [boringtun]'s protocol state machine running in this
process. There is **no kernel WireGuard module** and **no `wg` tool**: the same
code runs everywhere, and the protocol can be exercised in tests without any
privileges at all.

The only privileged step left is creating a packet interface so the operating
system can hand us IP packets, and even that is behind a trait
([`TunFactory`]) with an in-memory implementation.

| | needs privileges | what it proves |
|---|---|---|
| `MemoryTunFactory` | no | handshake, encryption, routing, address ownership |
| `SystemTunFactory`, attaching | none, if the interface was prepared | traffic actually reaches the OS |
| `SystemTunFactory`, creating | `CAP_NET_ADMIN` | the same, at the cost of a capability |

`SystemTunFactory` attaches to an interface that already exists and only
creates one when it does not. A persistent interface created by root and owned
by the user lets the agent run with no privileges at all; see *Running
unprivileged* in [../README.md](../README.md#running-unprivileged).

[boringtun]: https://docs.rs/boringtun
[`TunFactory`]: https://docs.rs/tsunagi

## Where the packets go

The plugin does not know and does not care. It is handed a `PacketLink` per
peer by the agent and runs a WireGuard tunnel over it:

```text
  TUN device (IP packets)                  PacketLink per peer
       |                                          |
       v                                          v
  destination address -> peer  --Tunn.encapsulate-->  ciphertext -> transport
  source address checked       <--Tunn.decapsulate--  ciphertext <- transport
```

Reachability — hole punching, relay fallback — belongs to the transport, which
today is iroh. That is the whole reason the plugin's announcement says *who* it
is and never *where* it is: there is no address for a peer to advertise, get
wrong, or lie about.

**Two peers behind NAT work exactly as well as iroh does.** iroh hole punches a
direct path when it can and falls back to a relay when it cannot; the tunnel
rides on whichever it got. There is no separate STUN, no separate hole punching
and no second set of NAT problems to solve for WireGuard.

## Checking it from outside

`tsunagi status` asks a running agent over its local control socket and prints
what it sees, including whether each tunnel has actually handshaken. See
[../README.md](../README.md#checking-that-it-works).

## Deterministic overlay addressing

A mesh with no coordinator cannot hand out addresses, so everyone derives their
own. The result is an IPv6 unique local address (RFC 4193):

```text
prefix (/64) = 0xfd || SHA-256( LP(domain) || LP("prefix") || LP(network_id) )[0..7]
iid    (64b) =         SHA-256( LP(domain) || LP("interface") || LP(network_id) || LP(wg_public_key) )[0..8]
address      = prefix || iid
```

with `domain = "tsunagi-wireguard-overlay-v1"` and `LP(x) = u32_be(len(x)) || x`,
the same unambiguous encoding the rest of the project uses.

Two consequences matter:

* every member of a network derives the **same `/64`**, so the overlay is one
  subnet that nobody had to allocate;
* a member's address is bound to its WireGuard public key, so address
  ownership can be checked locally rather than believed.

## IPv4 alongside IPv6

The overlay carries IPv4 as well, but **it is off unless you name a range**,
and every member must name the same one:

```bash
tsunagi up --network lab --secret "$SECRET" --wireguard --ipv4-range 10.77.0.0/16
```

Two reasons it has no default.

**There is no IPv4 range that is free everywhere.** `100.64.0.0/10` is
Tailscale's and carrier-grade NAT's, `10.0.0.0/8` and `192.168.0.0/16` are on
half the networks in the world, `172.17.0.0/16` is Docker. Picking one
requires knowing what is already in use on every machine that will join, which
is the operator's knowledge, not ours. IPv6 needs none of this: a ULA derived
from the network id collides with essentially nothing.

**The range is an input to the derivation.** Each agent computes every peer's
address itself, so two members configured with different ranges would derive
different addresses for each other and IPv4 would silently misroute. The range
therefore travels in the announcement — not as a request, and never trusted,
but so that a mismatch is *detected*. When it happens, the offending peer gets
no IPv4 address here, keeps working over IPv6, and the reason is reported:

```text
! wireguard: peer SDsEb/WF is configured with the IPv4 overlay range
  10.81.0.0/16 but this agent uses 10.80.0.0/16; every member must use the
  same one. That peer has no IPv4 address here and is reachable over IPv6 only.
```

**IPv4 addresses can also collide with each other.** A 64 bit interface
identifier makes an IPv6 collision impossible in practice; IPv4 has nothing
like that room. In a `/16` with 50 members the chance that two members derive
the same address is roughly 2%. A mesh with no coordinator cannot allocate
around it, so the collision is resolved instead: the member whose WireGuard
public key sorts lower keeps the address, a rule every member computes
identically and therefore agrees on without exchanging anything. The other
member has no IPv4 address and remains reachable over IPv6. Pick a roomy
range — a `/16` for a handful of machines, larger for more — and the odds stay
small.

The honest summary: **IPv6 always works. IPv4 is opt-in, needs agreement, and
degrades predictably when it does not get it.** Allocating IPv4 properly needs
the agreed state described in [sync-model.md](sync-model.md).

## Address ownership is enforced, not announced

Kernel WireGuard enforces `AllowedIPs`. In userspace that is our job, and
[`device`] does it on both sides:

* **outbound**, a packet is routed to the peer that *owns* its destination
  address; a destination nobody owns is counted as unroutable and dropped;
* **inbound**, a decrypted packet is dropped unless its *source* is exactly the
  address derived for the peer whose tunnel decrypted it.

Both apply to IPv4 and IPv6 alike.

So a participant cannot receive traffic addressed to somebody else and cannot
forge traffic that appears to come from somebody else. A participant who knows
the network secret can mint many keys and therefore occupy many addresses, but
it cannot choose to collide with an existing member without finding a hash
preimage.

The announcement also carries the address the peer believes it has. It is never
used — only cross-checked — so a version skew produces a clear rejection rather
than silent non-connectivity.

[`device`]: https://docs.rs/tsunagi

## MTU

Two constraints pull against each other.

**IPv6 sets a floor of 1280 bytes** (RFC 8200), and Linux enforces it
brutally: an interface whose MTU drops below 1280 loses IPv6 entirely — its
`/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/<dev>` directory disappears and `ip -6 address add`
answers `Invalid argument`. So the overlay MTU cannot go below 1280, and the
plugin refuses a smaller one at startup instead of letting it fail obscurely.

**The transport sets a ceiling.** Every packet rides in one datagram and
WireGuard adds 32 bytes, so a link must carry `mtu + 32` = 1312 bytes. A direct
QUIC path typically offers around 1380, which fits. A relayed path can offer
less, and then full-size packets do not fit: they are dropped and counted as
`dropped_oversize`, never truncated, and the plugin reports the exact numbers
when the tunnel is set up.

There is no room left to trade, so the default MTU is exactly 1280.
Fragmenting a packet across several datagrams would lift the ceiling and is
not implemented.

## Lifecycle

* A network is activated → the plugin loads or creates its key for that
  network, derives the interface name, and creates the packet interface. If
  that fails — no privileges, for instance — the key and the announcement still
  work and the interface is retried on the next reconcile.
* A peer announces its key → recorded.
* A data link to that peer arrives → recorded.
* Reconciliation starts a tunnel for every peer that has **both**, and removes
  tunnels for peers that lost either.
* A network is deactivated, or the agent shuts down → the interface and every
  tunnel go away. The key stays, so coming back keeps the same overlay address.

There is no external configuration file and no command line tool, so unlike a
kernel-WireGuard setup there is nothing outside this process for anybody to
edit. Reconciliation is purely "do the running tunnels match what is known".

## Using it

```bash
# On both machines
tsunagi up --network lab --secret "$SECRET" --wireguard
```

See the two-machine walkthrough in [../README.md](../README.md#trying-it-on-two-machines).

From the library:

```rust,no_run
use std::sync::Arc;
use tsunagi::config::{AgentConfig, StoragePaths, TransportPolicy};
use tsunagi::dataplane::IpPlugin;
use tsunagi::dataplane::wireguard::{MemoryTunFactory, WireguardConfig, WireguardPlugin};
use tsunagi::identity::{NetworkName, NetworkSecret};
use tsunagi::{Agent, Result};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let paths = StoragePaths::user_default()?;

    // MemoryTunFactory needs no privileges; swap in SystemTunFactory for a
    // real interface.
    let plugin = WireguardPlugin::open(
        WireguardConfig::new(paths.state_dir.join("wireguard")),
        Arc::new(MemoryTunFactory::new()),
    )
    .await
    .expect("wireguard plugin");

    let agent = Agent::spawn(
        AgentConfig::new(paths)
            .with_transport(TransportPolicy::N0Defaults)
            .with_plugin(plugin.clone() as Arc<dyn IpPlugin>),
    )
    .await?;

    let network = agent
        .join_network(&NetworkName::new("lab")?, &NetworkSecret::generate())
        .await?;

    if let Some(view) = plugin.overview(network) {
        println!("{} on {}", view.interface, view.overlay_address);
    }
    agent.shutdown().await;
    Ok(())
}
```

## Limits and future work

* **Full mesh only.** Every member runs a tunnel to every other member.
  Routing through an intermediate participant is not implemented.
* **IPv4 is opt-in, must be agreed, and can collide.** See above. A proper
  allocator needs agreed state.
* **No routes, DNS or firewall rules.** The plugin creates its interface and
  nothing else. Anything beyond the overlay `/64` is the operator's business.
* **Membership is session-scoped.** A peer leaves the overlay when its control
  session ends; surviving a long absence is the same future work.
* **Userspace costs CPU.** Kernel WireGuard is faster. A kernel backend could
  return behind the same boundary, but it would give up transport-provided NAT
  traversal unless paired with a local proxy.
* **A persistent TUN interface needs `keep_addr_on_down`.** Without a process
  attached it has no carrier, and Linux then flushes its IPv6 addresses. The
  setup printed by `tsunagi tun-setup` sets it; the agent checks the address is
  present *and usable* — not tentative, not DAD-failed — before attaching, and
  reports what it actually found.
* **The agent cannot assign the overlay address itself.** The `tun` crate sets
  addresses through an IPv4-only ioctl, so the IPv6 overlay address must come
  from `ip -6 address add` or an equivalent. The agent verifies the address is
  present, via `/proc/net/if_inet6`, and refuses with the exact command rather
  than running an interface that could never receive anything. Doing it
  in-process would mean speaking netlink, which is not implemented.
* **The system interface path is not exercised by the default suite**, because
  it needs privileges. Everything else about the data plane is.